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These are all optical networking technologies used for high-speed data transmission over fiber-optic networks. Here's a brief comparison of each:

  1. SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy)

    • A circuit-switched technology used in telecommunications networks for transporting multiple digital signals.
    • Ensures synchronization across long-distance networks.
    • Used mainly for legacy telecom infrastructure.

  2. DWDM (Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing)

    • A technology that increases fiber capacity by transmitting multiple wavelengths (channels) on a single fiber.
    • Supports long-haul, high-bandwidth applications.
    • Used in core networks and data center interconnects.

  3. OTN (Optical Transport Network)

    • A digital transport protocol that integrates SDH and DWDM, providing error correction, traffic management, and multiplexing.
    • Supports high-speed networking and large-scale transport.
    • Often referred to as the "optical layer" of modern networks.

  4. CWDM (Coarse Wavelength Division Multiplexing)

    • A simpler and cost-effective version of DWDM, with fewer channels and wider wavelength spacing.
    • Used for short- to medium-distance fiber links.
    • Common in metro networks and enterprise applications.


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